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2. BloombergNEF, “Global Low-Carbon Energy Technology Investment Surges Past $1 Trillion for the First Time”, 26 January 2023, https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-forthe-first-time (accessed 19 May 2023).

3. Net Zero Insights, “The State of Climate Tech ‘22”, 18 January 2023, https://netzeroinsights.com/state-of-climate-tech-2022 (accessed 17 May 2023).

4. IEA, Global EV Outlook 2023: Catching up with climate ambitions, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dacf14d2-eabc-498a-8263-9f97fd5dc327/GEVO2023.pdf (accessed 17 May 2023).

5. NewClimate Institute, Net Zero Stocktake 2022: Assessing the status and trends of net zero target setting, June 2022, https://ca1-nzt.edcdn.com/Net-Zero-Tracker/Net-Zero-Stocktake-Report-2022.pdf?v=1655074300 (accessed 23 May 2023).

6. Fleck, Anna, “Fewer coal power plants closed in 2022 than in recent years”, World Economic Forum, 17 April 2023, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/04/fewer-coal-power-plants-close-in-2022-than-in-recent-years (accessed 19 May 2023).

7. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “Urgent climate action can secure a liveable future for all”, Press Release, 20 March 2023, https://www.ipcc.ch/2023/03/20/press-release-ar6-synthesis-report/#:~:text=Meanwhile%2C%20keeping%20warming%20to%201.5,limited%20to%201.5%C2%B0C (accessed 17 May 2023).

8. IEA, “Energy access: Achieving modern energy for all by 2030 seems unlikely”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-access (accessed 17 May 2023).

9. Muta, Toru, and Musa Erdogan, “The global energy crisis pushed fossil fuel consumption subsidies to an all-time high in 2022”, IEA, 16 February 2023, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-global-energy-crisis-pushed-fossil-fuel-consumptionsubsidies-to-an-all-time-high-in-2022 (accessed 17 May 2023).

10. Kammer, Alfred, “Europe, And the World, Should Use Green Subsidies Cooperatively”, IMF Blog, 11 May 2023, https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/05/11/europe-and-the-world-should-use-green-subsidies-cooperatively (accessed 22 May 2023).

11. World Economic Forum, “Securing the Energy Transition”, White Paper, January 2023, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Securing_the_Energy_Transition_2023.pdf (accessed 17 May 2023).

12. Ibid.

13. CBS News, “Winter storm causes power outages, hits Americans with snow and freezing temperatures before Christmas”, 25 December 2022 update, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/winter-storm-power-outages-snow-us-christmas
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14. Liang, Annabelle, “Japan urges 37 million people to switch off lights”, BBC News, 27 June 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61947315 (accessed 22 May 2023).

15. Novinite.com, “Turkey’s Energy Infrastructure after the Earthquakes: Huge Fire, Stopped Gas and Oil Pipelines”, 7 February 2023, https://www.novinite.com/articles/218748/Turkey%27s+Energy+Infrastructure+after+the+Earthquakes%3A+Huge+Fire%2C+Stopped+Gas+and+Oil+Pipelineshttps://www.novinite.com/articles/218748/Turkey%27s+Energy+Infrastructure+after+the+Earthquakes%3A+Huge+Fire%2C+Stopped+Gas+and+Oil+Pipelines (accessed 22 May 2023).

16. Bundesverband WindEnergie, “Numbers and facts”, https://www.wind-energie.de/english/statistics/statistics-germany (accessed 22 May 2023).

17. IEA, “Energy Efficiency 2022 Executive summary: Energy efficiency spending tops USD 1 trillion, equal to two-thirds of all clean energy recovery packages”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2022/executive-summary
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18. Motherway, Brian, and Kristina Klimovich, Vida Rozite and Edith Bayer, “Accelerating energy efficiency: What governments can do now to deliver energy savings”, IEA, 17 March 2022, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/accelerating-energyefficiency-what-governments-can-do-now-to-deliver-energy-savings (accessed 17 May 2023).

19. NITI Aayog, “Lifestyle for Environment”, https://www.niti.gov.in/life (accessed 22 May 2023).

20. IEA, Coal 2022: Analysis and forecast to 2025, “Global coal demand is set to rise in 2022 amid the upheaval of the energy crisis”, Executive Summary, December 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-2022/executive-summary
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21. World Economic Forum, Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2020 Edition, Insight Report, May 2020, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Fostering_Effective_Energy_Transition_2020_Edition.pdf (accessed 17 May 2023).

22. BloombergNEF, “Global Energy Storage Market to Grow 15-Fold by 2030”, 12 October 2022, https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-energy-storage-market-to-grow-15-fold-by-2030 (accessed 25 May 2023).

23. IEA, Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, October 2021, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf
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24. Global Market Insights, Green Hydrogen Market Size – By Technology (Alkaline, PEM, Solid Oxide), By Source (Solar, Wind), By Application (Power Generation, Transportation, Industry Energy, Industry Feedstock, Building Heat & Power) & Forecast, 2022-2030, September 2022, https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/green-hydrogen-market gclid=CjwKCAiAuaKfBhBtEiwAht6H7-zUFDds4uXiKDQ19EYWBA6NmBTy4Wa--bOo2HbRVHhrFQvBvIv8MhoC7ksQAvD_BwE (accessed 25 May 2023).

25. Net Zero by 2050, op. cit. Calculated for $80/bbl.

26. Ibid.

27. Climate Bonds Initiative, “Record $269.5bn green issuance for 2020: Late surge sees pandemic year pip 2019 total by $3bn”, 24 January 2021, https://www.climatebonds.net/2021/01/record-2695bn-green-issuance-2020-late-surge-seespandemic-year-pip-2019-total-3bn (accessed 29 May 2023).

28. IEA, World Energy Outlook 2022, 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/c282400e-00b0-4edf-9a8e- 6f2ca6536ec8/WorldEnergyOutlook2022.pdf (accessed 17 May 2023).

29. World Economic Forum in collaboration with Accenture, “Securing the Energy Transition”, White Paper, January 2023, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Securing_the_Energy_Transition_2023.pdf (accessed 17 May 2023).

30. Ibid.

31. World Economic Forum, Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2021 Edition, Insight Report, April 2021, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Fostering_Effective_Energy_Transition_2021.pdf (accessed 17 May 2023).

32. Alkousaa, Riham, “Germany’s 2022 renewable power production rises but still behind 2030 target”, Reuters, 12 December 2022, https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/germanys-2022-renewable-power-production-rises-still-behind-2030-target-2022-12-11 (accessed 23 May 2023).

33. Enerdata, “Germany unveils new measures to reach 80% renewables energy mix by 2030”, 12 January 2022, https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/germany-unveils-new-measures-reach-80-renewables-energy-mix-2030.html (accessed 23 May 2023).

34. IEA, “Energy Industry Act (Energiewirtschaftsgesetz)”, IEA/IRENA Renewables Policies Database, 21 June 2022 update, https://www.iea.org/policies/4367-energy-industry-act-energiewirtschaftsgesetz?sector=Power+generation&technology=Industry+sector-specific+processes+and+technologies (accessed 17 May 2023).

35. Appunn, Kerstine, “Germany to launch emergency programme for ‘huge, gigantic’ 2030 emissions target task”, Clean Energy Wire, 12 January 2022, https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-launch-emergency-programme-hugegigantic-2030-emissions-target-task (accessed 17 May 2023).

36. Ewing, Jackson, et al., Pathways to Net-Zero for the US Energy Transition, Nicholas Institute for Energy, Environment & Sustainability, Duke University, 2022, https://www.energy-transitions.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/pathways-net-zero-US-energy-transition.pdf (accessed 17 May 2023).

37. The White House, “Fact Sheet: The Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal”, 6 November 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefingroom/statements-releases/2021/11/06/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal (accessed 23 May 2023).

38. Energy.gov, “DOE Establishes New Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations Under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law”, U.S. Department of Energy, 21 December 2021, https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-establishes-new-office-clean-energydemonstrations-under-bipartisan-infrastructure-law (accessed 17 May 2023).

39. Ewing, Jackson, et al., op. cit.

40. Brown, Gracie, et al., “Toward a more orderly US energy transition: Six key action areas”, McKinsey Sustainability, 12 January 2023, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/toward-a-more-orderly-us-energytransition-six-key-action-areas (accessed 23 May 2023).

41. Siddiqui, Tariq, “Toward a more orderly US energy transition: Six key action areas”, Energy Collective Group, 8 March 2023, https://energycentral.com/c/ec/toward-more-orderly-us-energy-transition-six-key-action-areas (accessed 18 May 2023).

42. Thanet District Council, “Public Document Pack: Agenda Document for Cabinet, 22/09/2022”, http://democracy.thanet.gov.uk/documents/g6175/Public%20reports%20pack%2022nd-Sep-2022%2019.00%20Cabinet.pdf?T=10 (accessed 18 May 2023).

43. Skidmore, Chris, Mission Zero: Independent Review of Net Zero, 2022, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1128689/mission-zero-independent-review.pdf
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44. UK Government, British Energy Security Strategy: Secure, clean and affordable British energy for the long term, April 2022, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1069969/british-energysecurity-strategy-web-accessible.pdf (accessed 24 May 2023).

45. Gillespie, Todd, “UK Makes £20 Billion Bet on Carbon Capture in Race Against US”, Bloomberg, 15 March 2023, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-15/uk-makes-20-billion-bet-on-carbon-capture-in-race-againstus?leadSource=uverify%20wall (accessed 24 May 2023).

46. UK Government, Together for People and Planet: UK International Climate Finance Strategy, March 2023, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1147360/ukinternational-climate-finance-strategy-2023.pdf (accessed 24 May 2023).

47. UK Parliament, House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, “Accelerating the transition from fossil fuels and securing energy supplies”, Fourth Report of Session 2022-23, 5 January 2023, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/
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48. Ibid.

49. UK Government, Mobilising Green Investment: 2023 Green Finance Strategy, March 2023, https://www.macfarlanes.com/media/xtfpsage/mobilising-green-investment-2023-green-finance-strategy.pdf (accessed 18 May 2023).

50. UK Government, “The Future Homes Standard: changes to Part L and Part F of the Building Regulations for new dwellings”, 1 October 2019, https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/the-future-homes-standard-changes-to-part-l-and-part-fof-the-building-regulations-for-new-dwellings (accessed 24 May 2023).

51. Edwards, Holly, et al., Electric vehicles and infrastructure, Commons Library Research Briefing, House of Commons Library, 21 February 2023, https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7480/CBP-7480.pdf
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52. UK Government, “Tenfold expansion in chargepoints by 2030 as government drives EV revolution”, 25 March 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/tenfold-expansion-in-chargepoints-by-2030-as-government-drives-ev-revolution (accessed 18 May 2023).

53. World Population Review, “GDP Ranked by Country 2023”, 2023, https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/by-gdp (accessed 18 May 2023).

54. IEA, “Countries and regions: Brazil”, https://www.iea.org/countries/brazil (accessed 24 May 2023).

55. Sánchez Molina, Pilar, “Brazil allocates 269.3 MW of solar across two energy auctions”, pv magazine, 12 July 2021, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/07/12/brazil-allocates-269-3-mw-of-solar-across-two-energy-auctions (accessed 24 May 2023).

56. BNamericas, “Brazil’s BNDES authorizes US$650mn loans for 3 renewable energy projects”, 5 January 2023,
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57. Government of Brazil, “Brazil is the biggest wind energy producer in Latin America”, 8 February 2022, https://www.gov.br/en/government-of-brazil/latest-news/2022/brazil-is-the-biggest-wind-energy-producer-in-latinamerica#:~: text=in%20the%20country.-,Brazil%20is%20the%20biggest%20wind%20energy%20producer%20in%20Latin%20America,by%203%2C100%20megawatts%20(MW) (accessed 24 May 2023).

58. World Population Review, “Wind Power by Country 2023”,
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59. ABEEólica, “The Sector: Wind power development in Brazil”, https://abeeolica.org.br/en/wind-energy/the-sector (accessed 17 May 2023).

60. Absolar, “Panorama of solar photovoltaic in Brazil and in the world”, 2023,
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61. IEA, “Biofuel production by country/region and fuel type, 2016-2022”, 26 October 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-andstatistics/charts/biofuel-production-by-country-region-and-fuel-type-2016-2022 (accessed 24 May 2023).

62. World Economic Forum, Mobilizing Investment for Clean Energy in Brazil Country Deep Dive, Summary 2021-2022, July 2022, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Mobilizing_Investment_for_Clean_Energy_in_Brazil_2022.pdf (accessed 24 May 2023).

63. Bloomberg, “China May Boost Coal Power Plant Building Amid Energy Crunch”, 9 September 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-08/china-to-add-more-coal-plants-than-thought-to-ease-energycrunch?
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64. World Bank, “China’s Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy and Climate Resilience Needs Shifts in Resources and Technologies”, Press Release, 12 October 2022, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press- release/2022/10/12/china-stransition-to-a-low-carbon-economy-and-climate-resilience-needs-shifts-in-resources-and-technologies (accessed 18 May 2023).

65. Data derived from ETI indicator analyses.

66. Energy Foundation, “China’s 14th Five-Year Plans on Renewable Energy Development and Modern Energy System”, 5 September 2022, https://www.efchina.org/Blog-en/blog-20220905-en (accessed 18 May 2023).

67. Zhu, Shouqing, et al., “Transition finance will accelerate decarbonization in China. Here’s how”, World Economic Forum Agenda, 25 November 2022, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/11/transition-finance-will-accelerate-decarbonizationin-china-here-s-how (accessed 24 May 2023).

68. World Bank Group, China Country Climate and Development Report, CCDR Series, 2022, http://hdl.handle.net/10986/38136 (accessed 18 May 2023).

69. World Bank, “China’s Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy and Climate Resilience Needs Shifts in Resources and Technologies”, op. cit.

70. World Population Review, “Largest Countries in the World 2023”, 2023,
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71. Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, “Remote Communities Energy Database”, https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/0e76433c-7aeb-46dc-a019-11db10ee28dd (accessed 24 May 2023).

72. IEA, Canada: Energy Policy Review 2022, 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7ec2467c-78b4-4c0c-a966-a42b8861ec5a/Canada2022.pdf (accessed 25 May 2023).

73. Williams, Nia, “Canada, industry in talks to cement future carbon price hikes”, Reuters, 12 May 2022, https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/canada-industry-talks-cement-future-carbon-price-hikes-2022-
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74. Government of Canada, “What Is the Low Carbon Economy Fund?”, 17 October 2022, https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/low-carbon-economy-fund/what-is-lcef.html
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75. Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB), “About the CIB”, https://cib-bic.ca/en/about-us/our-purpose (accessed 25 May 2023).

76. Government of Canada, Impact Canada, “Natural Resources Canada: Indigenous Off-diesel Initiative”, https://impact.canada.ca/en/challenges/off-diesel (accessed 25 May 2023).

77. IEA, Canada: Energy Policy Review 2022, op. cit.

78. Obayashi, Yuka, “Japan aims for 36-38% of energy to come from renewables by 2030”, Reuters, 22 October 2021, https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/japan-aims-36-38-energy-come-renewables-by-2030-2021-10-22 (accessed 25 May 2023).

79. Ritchie, Hannah, Max Roser and Pablo Rosado, “Japan: Energy Country Profile”, Our World in Data, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/energy/country/japan#citation (accessed 25 May 2023).

80. Broom, Douglas, “How Japan became the world leader in floating solar power”, World Economic Forum Agenda, 22 March 2019, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/03/japan-is-the-world-leader-in-floating-solar-power (accessed 25 May 2023).

81. Enerdata, “Japan sets solar PV feed-in tariffs for the 2020-2021 year”, 7 February 2020, https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/japan-sets-solar-pv-feed-tariffs-2020-2021-year.html#:~:text=The%20Japanese%20Ministry%20of%20Economy%2C%20Trade%20and%20Industry,below%2010%20kW%20is%20set%20at%20JPY21%2FkWh%20%28US%2419c%2FkWh%29 (accessed 25 May 2023).

82. Data derived from ETI indicator analyses.

83. IEA, “Japan 2021: Energy Policy Review”, 2021, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/3470b395-cfdd-44a9-9184-0537cf069c3d/Japan2021_EnergyPolicyReview.pdf (accessed 18 May 2023).

84. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Indonesia Energy Transition Outlook, 2022, https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Oct/Indonesia-Energy-Transition-Outlook (accessed 18 May 2023).

85. Brent, Zoe, and Alhafiz Atsari, The Future of Indonesia’s Energy Sector: Climate Commitments or Committed to Coal?,Transnational Institute, 5 January 2023, https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the-future-of-indonesias-energy-sector
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86. Energy for Growth Hub, “Modern Energy Minimum”, https://www.energyforgrowth.org/projects/modern-energy-minimum
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87. Latief, Yusuf, “G20 Summit mobilises $20bn for Indonesia’s just energy transition”, Enlit, 18 November 2022, https://www.enlit.world/finance-investment/g20-summit-mobilises-20bn-for-indonesias-just-energy-transition (accessed 18 May 2023).

88. World Economic Forum, “Policy Opportunities to Advance Clean Energy Investment in Indonesia”, Policy Paper, November 2022, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Policy_Opportunities_to_Advance_Clean_Energy_Investment_2022.pdf (accessed 18 May 2023).

89. Batih, Hakimul, “Indonesia’s Energy Transition: Opportunities for ASEAN’s 2023 Chair”, The National Bureau of Asian Research, 2 March 2023, https://www.nbr.org/publication/indonesias-energy-transition-leadership-opportunities-for-aseans-2023-chair (accessed 25 May 2023).

90. World Economic Forum, “Policy Opportunities to Advance Clean Energy Investment in Indonesia”, Policy Paper, November 2022 https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Policy_Opportunities_to_Advance_Clean_Energy_Investment_2022.pdf (accessed 25 May 2023).

91. KAPSARC, “KAPSARC Investigates Ways to Diversify Non-oil Exports to Achieve Saudi Vision 2030”, 12 October 2021, https://www.kapsarc.org/news/kapsarc-investigates-ways-to-diversify-non-oil-exports-to-achieve-saudi-vision-2030 (accessed 18 May 2023).

92. Ibid.

93. Nakano, Jane, “Saudi Arabia’s Hydrogen Industrial Strategy”, Center for Strategic & International Studies, 7 January 2022, https://www.csis.org/analysis/saudi-arabias-hydrogen-industrial-strategy?amp (accessed 18 May 2023).

94. Saudi Green Initiative, “SGI Initiatives”, https://www.greeninitiatives.gov.sa/sgi-initiatives (accessed 18 May 2023).

95. Nereim, Vivian, “Saudi Arabia to Start Building Green Hydrogen Plant in Neom”, Bloomberg, 17 March 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-17/saudi-arabia-to-start-building-green-hydrogen-plant-inneom?leadSource=uverify%20wall (accessed 25 May 2023).

96. Saudi Press Agency, “1.4 Million Tons of Carbon Credits Successfully Auctioned at Voluntary Carbon Market Initiative during Future Investment Initiative Conference”, 26 October 2022, https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=2395702 (accessed 25 May 2023).

97. Saudi & Middle East Green Initiatives, “SGI target: reduce carbon emissions by 278 mtpa by 2030”, https://www.greeninitiatives.gov.sa/about-sgi/sgi-targets/reducing-emissions/reduce-carbon-emissions (accessed 25 May 2023).

98. IEA, “Value of fossil-fuel subsidies by fuel in the top 25 countries, 2019”, 26 October 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-andstatistics/charts/value-of-fossil-fuel-subsidies-by-fuel-in-the-top-25-countries-2019 (accessed 25 May 2023).

99. Saudi & Middle East Green Initiatives, “SGI: steering Saudi Arabia towards a green future”, https://www.greeninitiatives.gov.sa/about-sgi (accessed 18 May 2023).

100. Bakr, Amena, and Yousra Samaha, “Saudi Arabia’s Energy Transition Ramps Up”, Energy Intelligence, 21 September 2022, https://www.energyintel.com/00000183-45f9-dcbb-a1b7-4dfbc9ad0000 (accessed 18 May 2023).

101. Oxford Business Group, “How Saudi Arabia is positioning itself as a leader in green energy”, 2022, https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/saudi-arabia/2022-report/energy-utilities/powering-forward-solidifying-thekingdoms-
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102. Gulf News, “The UAE has invested over $40 billion in clean energy over the last 15 years”, 27 May 2022, https://gulfnews.com/business/corporate-news/the-uae-has-invested-over-40-billion-in-clean-energy-over-the-last-15-
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103. Trade Arabia, “UAE to invest $160bn in clean, renewable energy sources in next 30 years”, 26 May 2022, http://www.tradearabia.com/news/OGN_396814.html#:~:text=DAVOS%2C%20May%2026%2C%202022%20The%20UAE%20has%20invested,at%20the%20World%20Economic%20Forum%20in%20Davos%2C%20Switzerland (accessed 25 May 2023).

104. United Arab Emirates, Government portal, “UAE Energy Strategy 2050”, 24 November 2022, https://u.ae/en/about-theuae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/strategies-plans-and-visions/environment-and-energy/uae-energy-strategy-2050 (accessed 18 May 2023).

105. Dubai Electricity and Water Authority, Innovation Centre, “Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park”, 17 April 2023, https://mbrsic.ae/en/about/mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-solar-park (accessed 25 May 2023).

106. MASDAR, “Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park (MBR) Solar Park”, 2023, https://masdar.ae/Masdar-Clean-Energy/Projects/Mohammed-bin-Rashid-Al-Maktoum-Solar-Park-Phase-3 (accessed 25 May 2023).

107. Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), “ADNOC to Build on its Position as one of the Least Carbon-Intensive Oil and Gas Producers in the World”, Press Release, 25 February 2020, https://www.adnoc.ae/en/news-andmedia/
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108. Our World in Data, “Per capita CO2 emissions, 2021”, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita (accessed 25 May 2023).

109. Enerdata, “The UAE launches its National Water and Energy Demand Management Programme”, 10 August 2021, https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/uae-launches-its-national-water-and-energy-demandmanagement-programme.html (accessed 18 May 2023).

110. Zawya, “Dubai to retrofit 30,000 buildings over next seven years”, 1 February 2023, https://www.zawya.com/en/business/energy/dubai-to-retrofit-30-000-buildings-over-next-seven-years-ksknuvr5 (accessed 25 May 2023).

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112. Smart Water Magazine, “Al Mazrouei: UAE to invest $2.08 billion in new desalination plants”, 11 May 2022, https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/al-mazrouei-uae-invest-208-billion-new-desalinationplants#:~:text=The%20minister%20of%20energy%20in%20the%20United%20Arab,of%20the%20UAE%E2%80%99s%20leadership%20to%20achieve%20water%20security (accessed 25 May 2023).

113. Government of India, Press Information Bureau, “India’s Stand at COP-26”, Press Release, 3 February 2022, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1795071 (accessed 18 May 2023).

114. Lee, Uni, “Solar and wind dominate India’s capacity additions in 2022”, Ember, 17 March 2023, https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/india-data-story-2023 (accessed 28 May 2023).

115. Government of India, Press Information Bureau, “India takes another big step towards achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel based electricity installed capacity by 2030”, Press Release, 7 December 2022, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.
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116. Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi, “The Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2022”, Legislative Note, August 2022, https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/New_Reference_Notes/English/08082022_123415_1021205203.pdf (accessed 25 May 2023).

117. Government of India, Ministry of Power, “Transmission”, 22 May 2023, https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/overview-0 (accessed 25 May 2023).

118. Ziady, Hanna, “South Africa’s energy crisis deepens as blackouts hit 12 hours a day”, CNN, 18 January 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/18/energy/ramaphosa-davos-south-africa-blackouts/index.html (accessed 25 May 2023).

119. Whyte, Kieran, “South Africa: The latest developments in Just Energy Transition”, Global Compliance News, 22 November 2022, https://www.globalcompliancenews.com/2022/11/22/https-insightplus-bakermckenzie-com-bm-energy-mininginfrastructure_1-south-africa-the-latest-developments-in-just-energy-transition_11102022 (accessed 18 May 2023).

120. Ibid.

121. Ibid.

122. Creamer, Terence, “Ramaphosa doubles next renewables round, scraps 100 MW cap on distributed plant and moots feedintariff as he unveils load-shedding crisis response”, Engineering News, 25 July 2022, https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/ramaphosa-doubles-next-renewables-round-to-5-200-mw-scraps-100-mw-cap-on-distributed-plant-and-mootsfeed-
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123. Whyte, Kieran, and Zahra Omar, “South Africa: Hydrogen Roadmap – A crucial step in the energy transition journey”, Global Compliance News, 20 June 2022, https://www.globalcompliancenews.com/2022/06/20/south-africa-hydrogen-roadmapa-crucial-step-in-the-energy-transition-journey080622 (accessed 18 May 2023).

124. IEA, “Nigeria”, 2020, https://www.iea.org/countries/nigeria (accessed 18 May 2023).

125. Okereke, Chukwumerije, et al., “Five opportunities for Nigeria to lead a clean and just energy transition at COP27 and beyond”, ODI, 2 November 2022, https://odi.org/en/insights/five-opportunities-for-nigeria-to-lead-a-clean-and-just-energytransition-at-cop27-and-beyond (accessed 18 May 2023).

126. Ibid.

127. Ashurst, “Oil and Gas Update: Nigeria’s Energy Transition”, 2 March 2022, https://www.ashurst.com/en/news-and-insights/legal-updates/nigerias-energy-transition (accessed 26 May 2023).

128. Okereke, Chukwumerije, et al., op. cit.

129. Izuora, Chika, “Accelerating Energy Transition With Best Technology”, Leadership Media Group, February 2023, https://leadership.ng/accelerating-energy-transition-with-best-technology (accessed 18 May 2023).