1965-68, studies at University of Delhi; 1975, Master's in International Affairs, Columbia University. Over 27 years in public office, Tanzania, including: 1964-65, Ambassador to Egypt; 1965-68, High Commissioner to India; 1969, Ambassador to China; 1970, Permanent Representative to UN; 1980-84, Minister for Foreign Affairs; 1984-85, Prime Minister; 1985-89, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence; 1989-2001, Secretary General, Organization of African Unity; 2007, Member, Panel of the Wise, African Union.