1971, PhD, University of Paris. 1981, Professor of Economics, specialized in international trade policy and regulatory reforms; 1986-90, Senior Economist, World Bank; 2001-02, Special Adviser to WTO Director-General; current research deals with WTO issues, EC commercial policy, services liberalization and better regulations initiatives; 2003-05, Co-Chair, UN Millennium Development Goals Task Force on Trade for Development. Since 2008, Co-Chair, Task Force on Global Finance and Trade Architecture, World Bank and UK Department for International Development.