1962, Bachelor's in Law, University of Cairo; 1974, PhD in International Law, New York University School of Law. 1964, with Egyptian Diplomatic Service including: Permanent Missions of Egypt to UN in New York and Geneva; 1974-78, Special Assistant to Foreign Minister of Egypt. 1980, Senior Fellow, International Law Program, UN Institute for Training and Research; 1981-87, Adjunct Professor of International Law, New York University School of Law; since 1984, with International Atomic Energy Agency: high level policy positions including Legal Adviser; Assistant Director-General, External Relations; 1997, Director-General, reappointed 2001 and 2005. 2005, Recipient of Nobel Peace Prize, jointly with IAEA, for efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and ensure nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in safest possible way. Author of numerous articles and books. Member, several professional associations including International Law Association and American Society of International Law.