1983-85, studies at Economics Department, Beijing University. 1968-76, Staff Member, Culture and Education Bureau; 1993-95, Deputy Director, CPC, Central Committee, Organization Department, Organization Bureau; 1998-2000, Member, CPC, Provincial Committee, Standing Committee Shanxi Province; 1998-2001, Director, CPC, Provincial Committee, Organization Department, Shanxi Province; 2001-05, Deputy Director, CPC, Central Committee, Organization Department; 2002-07, Alternate Member, 16th CPC, Central Committee; 2005-07, Director, CPC, Central Committee, Party History Research Centre; since 2007, Member, 17th CPC, Central Committee; since 2008, current position.