1980, MA in Economics, Hebrew University; 1985, PhD in Economics, Columbia University. 1984, Economist, IMF; 1988, with Research Department, Bank of Israel; 1994-96, Senior Research Economist, Inter-American Development Bank. With Bank of Israel: 1997, Deputy Director, Research Department; 2001, Director, Research Department and Member, Senior Management; 2011-13, Deputy Governor; July 2013 - November 2013, Acting Governor; since November 2013, Governor. Has served on a number of public and government committees, including: Committee on Increasing Competitiveness in the Economy; Committee for Social and Economic Change; Committee for the Defence Budget; Committee to Study Raising the Retirement Age for Women.