1978, MA in Economics, Ateneo de Manila University; 1985, PhD in Economics, UP School of Economics. 1977-87, Assistant Professor, Ateneo de Manila University; 1977-87, Professor, UP School of Economics; 1984-87, Chair, Economics Department, Assumption College; 1987-89, Assistant Secretary, Department of Trade and Industry; 1988-90, Executive Director, Garments and Textile Export Board; 1989-92, Undersecretary, Department of Trade and Industry; 1992-98, Senator; 1998-2000, Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and Development; 1998-2001, Vice-President, Philippines. Member: Association for Philippines-China Understanding; Philippine Economics Society; Concerned Women of the Philippines; Georgetown Club of the Philippines. Author. Recipient of awards.