1962, graduate, Ecole Polytechnique. 1967, Head, Basic Research, then 1983-89, Director, Centre National d'Etudes des Télécommunications; 1989-91, Head, Science and Technology, Ministry of Research and Technology; 1991-98, Director-General, Industrial Strategy, Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry. Vice-President, Information Technology Council. Since 1999, Ambassador at Large and Special Representative of France for International Investment. Since 2001, Chairman, Invest in France Agency. 2005-10, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, France Telecom; since 2010, Chairman, France Telecom.