1992, PhD in Economics, University of Basel. 1994-95, Visiting Scholar, Department of Economics, Harvard University. Then Visiting Professor, University of Saarland, Saarbr++cken, Germany and did consultancy work for the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation. 1999-2012, Chief Economic Adviser to the Swiss Government, Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs. Since February 2012, Professor, Department of Economics, University of Bern, Switzerland. President, group of experts for the further development of the Swiss financial market strategy, appointed by the Swiss government.