1975, BA in Political Science and International Relations, University of Dar-es-Salaam; postgraduate diploma in International Law, University of Zambia; Certificate in Diplomacy, Wellington, New Zealand; executive programmes, University of Pretoria and Kagiso Leadership School. Over 25 years with Tanzania Diplomatic Service: 1985-92, seconded to office of President of Tanzania; 1992-93, Director, Africa and Middle East, Tanzania Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 1994-2000, High Commissioner to South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho and Namibia. Chairman: Tanzania Chamber of Minerals and Energy; TanzaniteOne; MultiChoice Tanzania. Member of the Board: Illovo Sugar; National Bank of Commerce; Tanzania Breweries; NIKO Insurance; Kilombero Sugar; Zambia Sugar; Malawi Sugar; Council, University of Dar es Salaam.