1970, BA, Cairo University; 1979, MA and 1982, PhD in Political Science, Northern Illinois University. 1975, Researcher, Senior Researcher and Head, International Relations Research Unit; 1987 and 2004, Research Fellow: Brookings Institute, Washington DC; 2003, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University; Senior Fellow, Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University, US; 1990-93, Political Adviser, Amiri Diwan, Qatar. Author of Arabic publications including books, articles and chapters on the world systems, Arab relations with the regional and global orders, European integration and Arab Israeli conflict. In English, contributed to papers, published articles and chapters in US, France, Sweden and Singapore on Middle East regional security, Egypt's political system, national security and arms control policies.