Karuna Trust has pioneered a public-private partnership model that brings the government, village communities and social enterprises together to deliver high-quality primary healthcare to rural India. The government invests in upgrading infrastructure and pays for the efficient running of primary healthcare centres (PHCs) while Karuna Trust brings in management systems and disruptive health innovations. Village councils hold their PHCs accountable for reporting better health outcomes and functioning as zero-corruption zones. All services are provided free of charge for patients. Fees are charged on a not-for-profit basis.